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1. Service A is a publically accessible service that provides free multimedia retrieval capabilities to a range of service consumers. To carry out this functionality, Service A is first invoked by Service Consumer A (1). Based on the nature of the request message received from Service Consumer A, Service A either invokes Service B or Service C.
When Service B is invoked by Service A (2A) it retrieves data from publicly available sources (not shown) and responds with the requested data (3A). When Service C is invoked by Service A (2B) it retrieves data from proprietary sources within the IT enterprise (not shown) and responds with the requested data (3B). After receiving a response from Service B or Service C, Service A sends the retrieved data to Service Consumer A (4).
Service B does not require service consumers to be authenticated, but Service C does require authentication of service consumers. The service contract for Service A therefore uses WS-Policy alternative policies in order to express the two different authentication requirements to Service Consumer A.
When Service Consumer A sends a request message (1), Service A determines whether the request requires the involvement of Service C and then checks to ensure that the necessary security credentials were received as part of the message. If the credentials provided by Service Consumer A are verified. Service A creates a signed SAML assertion and sends it with the request message to Service C (2B) This authentication information is protected by public key encryption However, responses to Service Consumer A's request message (3B, 4) are not encrypted for performance reasons.

The owner of Service C is planning two changes to the service architecture: 1. A fee will be charged to Service Consumer A (or any service consumer) using Service C.
2. The response messages issued by Service C need to be secured in order to prevent unauthorized access. An analysis of Service C's usage statistics reveals that a group of service consumers specifically request the retrieval of multimedia data on a frequent basis.
To promote the usage of Service C to these types of service consumers, the owner of Service C plans to offer a special discount by allowing unlimited multimedia retrievals for a fixed monthly price. Service consumers that do not subscribe to this promotion will need to pay for each request individually. It is anticipated that the new promotion will significantly increase the usage of Service C.
The owner of Service C therefore wants to ensure that the security added to the response messages has a minimal impact on Service C's runtime performance.
What steps can be taken to fulfill these requirements?

A) Use symmetric session keys so that for each response message, Service C generates a session key and encrypts the response message using this session key. The session key is then encrypted (using the service consumer's public key) and attached to the encrypted response. A single session key can then be used by Service C for communication with all service consumers that subscribe to the promotion.
B) Design Service C to generate a message digest of the response message and encrypt it with the service consumer's public key. Because the message digest is typically small, the performance of public key encryption is acceptable. This approach also ensures that only the service consumer can decrypt the response message using the corresponding private key.
C) Design the service composition architecture so that the encryption of the response messages is performed by Service B and Service C.
To reduce the performance impact, a policy can be added to Service A's service contract in order to require the encryption of all response messages, regardless of the type of service consumer making the request.
Further, a new utility service can be added to the service composition. This service can be responsible for obtaining the public key of the service consumer and forwarding the key along with the request message to the appropriate service (Service B or Service C). The service receiving the message can then encrypt the response message with the received public key. Service A can then forward the encrypted response to the service consumer.
This approach ensures that only authorized service consumers will be able to access response messages.
D) Because the services in this service composition already rely on public key encryption to provide authentication, Service C can provide message confidentiality by encrypting the response message with Service Consumer A's public key. This will ensure that only the intended recipient, in possession of the corresponding private key, can decrypt the response message. To further reduce the performance impact of encryption, Service C can generate a new public-private key pair to be used by service consumers subscribed to the promotion. By securely distributing the private key to each of these service consumers, Service C only needs to encrypt the response messages once with the public key.

2. Service Consumer A sends a request message to Service A (1), after which Service A sends a request message with security credentials to Service B (2). Service B authenticates the request and, if the authentication is successful, writes data from the request message into Database B (3). Service B then sends a request message to Service C (4), which is not required to issue a response message. Service B then sends a response message back to Service A (5). After processing Service B's response, Service A sends another request message with security credentials to Service B (6). After successfully authenticating this second request message from Service A, Service B sends a request message to Service D (7). Service D is also not required to issue a response message. Finally, Service B sends a response message to Service A (8), after which Service A records the response message contents in Database A (9) before sending its own response message to Service Consumer A (10).

To use Service A, Service Consumer A is charged a per usage fee. The owner of Service Consumer A has filed a complaint with the owner of Service A, stating that the bills that have been issued are for more usage of Service A than Service Consumer A actually used.
Additionally, it has been discovered that malicious intermediaries are intercepting and modifying messages being sent from Service B to Services C and D.
Because Services C and D do not issue response messages, the resulting errors and problems were not reported back to Service B.
Which of the following statements describes a solution that correctly addresses these problems?

A) Apply the Service Perimeter Guard and the Message Screening patterns together to establish a perimeter service between Service Consumer A and Service A.
The perimeter service screens and authenticates incoming request messages from Service Consumer A.
After successful authentication, the perimeter service generates a signed SAML assertion that is used by the subsequent services to authenticate and authorize the request message and is also carried forward as the security credential included in messages sent to Services C and D.
B) The Data Confidentiality and Data Origin Authentication patterns need to be applied in order to establish message-layer confidentiality and integrity for messages sent to Services C and D.
The Direct Authentication pattern can be applied to require that service consumer be authenticated in order to use Service A.
C) Apply the Brokered Authentication to establish an authentication broker between Service Consumer A and Service A that can carry out the Kerberos authentication protocol. Before invoking Service A, Service Consumer A must request a ticket granting ticket and then it must request service granting tickets to all services in the service composition, including Services C and D.
Messages sent by Service B to Services C and D must further be encrypted with the public key of Service Consumer A.
D) Messages sent to Services C and D must be protected using transport-layer encryption in order to ensure data confidentiality. Service consumers of Service A must be authenticated using X.509 certificates because they can be reused for several request messages.

3. Services A, B and C belong to Service Inventory A.
Services D, E and F belong to Service Inventory B.
Service C acts as an authentication broker for Service Inventory A.
Service F acts as an authentication broker for Service Inventory B.
Both of the authentication brokers use Kerberos-based authentication technologies. Upon receiving a request message from a service consumer, Services C and F authenticate the request using a local identity store and then use a separate Ticket Granting Service (not shown) to issue the Kerberos ticket to the service consumer.

A recent security audit of the two service inventories revealed that both authentication brokers have been victims of attacks. In Service Inventory A, the attacker has been intercepting and modifying the credential information sent by Service C (the ticket requester) to the Ticket Granting Service. As a result, the requests have been invalidated and incorrectly rejected by the Ticket Granting Service. In Service Inventory B, the attacker has been obtaining service consumer credentials and has used them to request and receive valid tickets from the Ticket Granting Service. The attacker has then used these tickets to enable malicious service consumers to gain access to other services within the service inventory.
How can the two service inventory security architectures be improved in order to counter these attacks?

A) The Service Perimeter Guard pattern can be applied to Service Inventory A in order to establish a perimeter service responsible for validating and filtering all incoming request messages on behalf of Service C.
The Data Origin Authentication pattern can be applied to messages exchanged by services in Service Inventory B.
This will ensure the integrity of messages by verifying their origins to the message recipients.
B) WS-SecureConversation can be used to secure the communication between the authentication broker and service consumers in Service Inventory A.
This ensures that Services A and B will contact Service C to request a security context token that will be used to generates a session key for the encryption of the ticket submitted to Service C.
The Data Origin Authentication pattern can be applied to messages exchanged by services in Service Inventory B.
This will ensure the integrity of messages try verifying their origins to the message recipients.
C) The Data Confidentiality pattern can be applied to messages exchanged by the services in Service Inventory A.
The Data Origin Authentication pattern can be applied to messages exchanged by services in Service Inventory B.
D) WS-Trust can be used to establish secure communication between the authentication broker and the service consumers. After receiving the request message and the corresponding credentials from service consumers, the authentication broker can validate their identity, and if successful, a signed SAML assertion containing all authentication information will be issued. The SAML assertion will then be used to authenticate the service consumers during subsequent communications. Because the messages are signed and encrypted, malicious service consumers cannot access the data. This approach can be applied to counter the threats in both Service Inventories A and B.

問題與答案：

問題 #1 答案： A

問題 #2 答案： B

問題 #3 答案： C